C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis
in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The …

SUMMARY C4 plants partition photosynthesis enzymes between the bundle sheath (BS)
and the mesophyll (M) cells for the better delivery of CO2 to RuBisCO and to reduce …

Compared with the ancestral C3 state, C4 photosynthesis occurs at higher rates with
improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. In both C3 and C4 plants, rates of …

C4 photosynthesis has evolved repeatedly from the ancestral C3 state to generate a carbon
concentrating mechanism that increases photosynthetic efficiency. This specialized form of …

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes the reversible CO2 hydration reaction that produces
bicarbonate for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). This is the initial step for …

Main conclusion Site-specific changes of photosynthesis, a relatively new concept, can be
used to improve the productivity of critical food crops to mitigate the foreseen food crisis …

While considerable knowledge exists about the enzymes pivotal for C 4 photosynthesis,
much less is known about the cis-regulation important for specifying their expression in …

It is now over half a century since the biochemical characterization of the C4 photosynthetic
pathway, and this special issue highlights the sheer breadth of current knowledge. New …

C 4 photosynthesis evolved from ancestral C 3 photosynthesis by recruiting pre-existing
genes to fulfill new functions. The enzymes and transporters required for the C 4 metabolic …

C3‐C4 intermediate photosynthesis has evolved at least five times convergently in the
Brassicaceae, despite this family lacking bona fide C4 species. The establishment of this …