Chloroplasts play a crucial role in sustaining life on earth. The availability of over 800
sequenced chloroplast genomes from a variety of land plants has enhanced our …

Plant cells are ideal bioreactors for the production and oral delivery of vaccines and
biopharmaceuticals, eliminating the need for expensive fermentation, purification, cold …

Plant molecular farming (PMF) is a new branch of plant biotechnology, where plants are
engineered to produce recombinant pharmaceutical and industrial proteins in large …

In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors has emerged as an exciting area of research
and significant advances have created new opportunities. The driving forces behind the …

Plants have been identified as promising expression systems for commercial production of
vaccine antigens. In phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been …

Cholera and malaria are major diseases causing high mortality. The only licensed cholera
vaccine is expensive; immunity is lost in children within 3 years and adults are not fully …

Infectious diseases represent a continuously growing menace that has severe impact on
health of the people worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Therefore, novel …

Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the most common bacterial cause of …

Plastid-made biopharmaceuticals treat major metabolic or genetic disorders, including
Alzheimer's, diabetes, hypertension, hemophilia, and retinopathy. Booster vaccines made in …

The lethality of infectious diseases has decreased due to the implementation of crucial
sanitary procedures such as vaccination. However, the resurgence of pathogenic diseases …