Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, and
neuroprotective or disease-modifying interventions remain elusive. High-throughput markers …

Objective This scoping review aimed to summarize current knowledge from twin studies on
migraine. Migraine heritability, genetic correlations with migraine comorbid disorders, and …

Differentiating between monozygotic (MZ) twins remains difficult because they have the
same genetic makeup. Applying the traditional STR genotyping approach cannot …

Genetic variation has been widely covered in literature, however, not from the perspective of
an individual in any species. Here, a synthesis of genetic concepts and variations relevant …

Background: Congenital scoliosis (CS) is a complex spinal malformation of unknown
etiology with abnormal bone metabolism. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secreted by …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases.
Investigating individuals with the most identical genetic background is optimal for minimizing …

Aside from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, inflammation is a key component in
the movement disorder Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia activation as well as elevated …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a high variability of age at
onset, disease severity, and progression. This suggests that other factors, including genetic …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a widespread severe neurodegenerative disease that is
characterized by pronounced deficiency of the dopaminergic system and disruption of the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and
neuroprotective interventions remain elusive. High throughput biomarkers aimed to stratify …