Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) virus affects livestock worldwide. There are seven different
serotypes, each with a diversity of topotypes, genetic lineages and strains. Some lineages …

Introduction: Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV)
serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the …

A mass vaccination campaign in India seeks to control and eventually eradicate foot-and-
mouth disease (FMD). Biosanitary measures along with FMD monitoring are being …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major disease of livestock in India and causes huge
economic losses. The formal FMD control program started in 2003–04 in selected districts …

Abstract Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) hinders the growth of the livestock industry in
endemic countries like Bangladesh. The management and prevention of FMD are severely …

Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative
machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to …

Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human
beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the …

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral
disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. During recent …

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Bangladesh, and the implementation of a
control programme for this disease is at an early stage, according to the FAO‐and OIE …

Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and
Asia1 is frequent. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass …