Intense interest in the'Warburg effect'has been revived by the discovery that hypoxia-
inducible factor 1 (HIF1) reprogrammes pyruvate oxidation to lactic acid conversion; lactic …

Amiloride inhibits most plasma membrane Na+ transport systems. We have reviewed the
pharmacology of inhibition of these transporters by amiloride and its analogs. Thorough …

CO 2 emissions arising from the burning of fossil fuels have altered seawater chemistry far
more rapidly than the Earth has previously experienced, and the rate and extent of this …

The process of fertilization by hermaphrodite and male sperm is described. In the
hermaphrodite fertilization occurs in the spermatheca by the first sperm to contact the oocyte …

Fertilization calcium waves are introduced, and the evidence from which we can infer
general mechanisms of these waves is presented. The two main classes of hypotheses put …

Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with
reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean …

Precise spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular pH (pH i) is a prerequisite for normal cell
function, and changes in pH i or pericellular pH (pH e) exert important signalling functions. It …

Abbreviations: A¢, transmembrane electrical potential; ApH= PHin-PHout; PHi, internal pH;
PHo, extracellular pH; A~'H+, electrochemical potential difference of protons; CCCP …

The'pump and leak" model of catioi~ transport was formally proposed by Tostesun and
Hoffman [l] in 1960 to explain the maintenance of cellular volume in animal cells. Over the …

The intracellular p H in animal cells is generally maintained at a higher level than would be
expected if H+ were passively distributed across the plasma membrane1. In a wide variety of …