Many research questions in Earth and environmental sciences are inherently causal,
requiring robust analyses to establish whether and how changes in one variable cause …

Physics is a field of science that has traditionally used the scientific method to answer
questions about why natural phenomena occur and to make testable models that explain the …

Abstract The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) defines and
coordinates the main set of future climate projections, based on concentration-driven …

The leaf economics spectrum, and the global spectrum of plant forms and functions revealed
fundamental axes of variation in plant traits, which represent different ecological strategies …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Precipitation is a key component of the hydrological cycle and one of the most important
variables in weather and climate studies. Accurate and reliable precipitation data are crucial …

More than 40 model groups worldwide are participating in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), providing a new and rich source of information to …

Future rainfall extremes are projected to increase with global warming according to theory
and climate models, but common (annual) and rare (decennial or centennial) extremes …

An important metric for temperature projections is the equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS),
which is defined as the global mean surface air temperature change caused by a doubling …