Neurobiologists have long sought to understand how circuits in the nervous system are
organized to generate the precise neural outputs that underlie particular behaviours. The …

The spinal cord of vertebrate animals is comprised of intrinsic circuits that are capable of
sensing the environment and generating complex motor behaviors. There are two major …

The sequential stepping of left and right limbs is a fundamental motor behavior that
underlies walking movements. This relatively simple locomotor behavior is generated by the …

Spinal interneurons help to coordinate motor behavior. During spinal cord development,
distinct classes of interneurons are generated from progenitor cells located at different …

Reciprocal activation of flexor and extensor muscles constitutes the fundamental mechanism
that tetrapod vertebrates use for locomotion and limb-driven reflex behaviors. This aspect of …

The neuronal networks that generate vertebrate movements such as walking and swimming
are embedded in the spinal cord,,. These networks, which are referred to as central pattern …

Systematic research on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of spinal cord
interneurons along with their functional output has evolved for more than one century …

Recent molecular genetic studies suggest that the expression of transcription factors in the
developing spinal cord helps determine the morphological and physiological properties of …

The spinal cord is composed of anatomically distinct classes of neurons that perform
sensory and motor functions. Because of its relative simplicity, the spinal cord has served as …

Developmental studies identified four classes (V0, V1, V2, V3) of embryonic interneurons in
the ventral spinal cord. Very little is known, however, about their adult phenotypes …