Since the discovery of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the 1980s, a large body of work has led to its
recognition as a pleiotropic immunomodulatory cytokine that affects both the innate and …

Since their discovery by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, dendritic cells (DCs) have become
increasingly recognized for their crucial role as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity …

Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10)‐secreting T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells are defined by their specific
cytokine production profile, which includes the secretion of high levels of IL‐10 and …

Homeostasis in the immune system depends on a balance between the responses that
control infection and tumour growth and the reciprocal responses that prevent inflammation …

We examined the hypothesis that a failure of the immune system to eradicate tumors is due
to the immunosuppressive environment created by the growing tumor, which is influenced …

The complement system was traditionally known as an effector arm of humoral immunity.
Today we also recognize it as a main element of the innate immune system. In blood and …

Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce strong antibody and Th2 responses but fail
to protect against nasal colonization and transmission of Bordetella pertussis. Furthermore …

Abstract The OX40 (CD134) molecule is induced primarily during T cell activation and, as
we show in this study, is also expressed on CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. A …

Peripheral tolerance is mediated by multiple mechanisms such as anergy and/or active
suppression of effector T cells by T regulatory (Tr) cells. Among the CD4+ Tr cells, T …

Clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and
pseudomembranous colitis in humans. The role of the surface layer proteins (SLPs) in this …