Carotenoids are a wide group of lipophylic isoprenoids synthesized by all photosynthetic
organisms and also by some non-photosynthetic bacteria and fungi. Animals, which cannot …

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Recent technical and methodological advances have led to a dramatic increase in the use of
spectrometry to quantify reflectance properties of biological materials, as well as models to …

The recognition that animals sense the world in a different way than we do has unlocked
important lines of research in ecology and evolutionary biology. In practice, the subjective …

Behavioral ecologists have long studied the role of coloration as a defense against natural
enemies. Recent reviews of defensive coloration have emphasized that these visual signals …

Pattern-based identity signatures are commonplace in the animal kingdom, but how they are
recognized is poorly understood. Here we develop a computer vision tool for analysing …

Ornamentation of parents poses a high risk for offspring because it reduces cryptic nest
defence. Over a century ago, Wallace proposed that sexual dichromatism enhances crypsis …

Accurate recognition of salient cues is critical for adaptive responses, but the underlying
sensory and cognitive processes are often poorly understood. For example, hosts of avian …

'Mimicry'is used in the evolutionary and ecological literature to describe diverse phenomena.
Many are textbook examples of natural selection's power to produce stunning adaptations …

In predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, an individual's ability to combat an opponent
often improves with experience—for example, by learning to identify enemy signals …