The methods for discrete-integer-continuous variable nonlinear optimization are reviewed.
They are classified into the following six categories: branch and bound, simulated …

Purpose The purpose of this article is to analyze the optimization process in depth,
elaborating on the components of the entire process and the techniques used. Researchers …

A simulated annealing strategy is developed for use in the discrete optimization of three-
dimensional steel frames. This strategy randomly perturbs the current design to create a …

A combined method of graph embedding (GE) and reinforcement learning (RL) is developed
for discrete cross-section optimization of planar steel frames, in which the section size of …

Continuous–discrete variable non‐linear optimization problems are defined and categorized
into six different types. These include a full range of problems from continuous to purely …

An objective function used in structural optimization should be formulated in such a way that
the most economic solution can be found. However, the objective function is usually …

Discrete design variables are encountered in most practical design applications. An
overview of the optimization methods that can treat such design variables in their solution …

A method to solve discrete optimization problems using evolution strategies (ESs) is
described. The ESs imitate biological evolution in nature and have two characteristics that …

The problem of optimal structural design having linked discrete variables is addressed. For
such applications, when a discrete value for a variable is selected, values for other variables …

Optimum design algorithms based on the optimality criteria approach are proven to be
efficient and general. They have the flexibility of accomodating variety of design constraints …