Viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms have the unique characteristic of self-assembling
into particles. The mammalian immune system is highly attuned to recognizing and attacking …

Replication-defective vectors based on murine oncoretroviruses were the first gene transfer
vectors to be used in successful gene therapies. Despite this achievement, they have two …

ABSTRACT HIV-1 viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) bear nonnative “junk” forms of
envelope (Env) glycoprotein that may undermine the development of antibody responses …

Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines varies significantly due to many factors including the
inherent immunogenicity of the protein antigen encoded in the DNA vaccine, the optimal …

Hypothetically, since native HIV-1 Env trimers are exclusively recognized by neutralizing
antibodies, they might induce the neutralizing antibodies in a vaccine setting. This idea has …

Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines have provided highly encouraging results in clinical
trials while, in contrast, DNA vaccines expressing non-particulate proteins have proven less …

Although a live attenuated HIV vaccine is not currently considered for safety reasons, a
strategy inducing both T cells and neutralizing antibodies to native assembled HIV-1 …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) offer a platform to test the hypothesis that, since antibody binding
to native envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers results in HIV-1 neutralization, that native Env …

Introduction: Despite their appeal as vaccine vectors, adenoviral vectors are yet unable to
induce protective immune responses against some weakly immunogenic antigens …

Recombinant poxvirus vectors are undergoing intensive evaluation as vaccine candidates
for a variety of infectious pathogens. Avipoxviruses, such as canarypox virus, are replication …