Giardia duodenalis captured the attention of Leeuwenhoek in 1681 while he was examining
his own diarrheal stool, but, ironically, it did not really gain attention as a human pathogen …

Early eukaryotic cells emerged from the compartmentalization of metabolic processes into
specific organelles through the development of an endomembrane system (ES), a precursor …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate intercellular communication and are considered a
promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of infectious diseases. These vesicles involve …

Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80 KDa iron-binding glycoprotein that plays a significant role in the
innate immune system and is considered to be an important microbicide molecule. It has …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as
potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes …

Giardia lamblia is a causative agent of persistent diarrhoea widespread in regions with low
hygienic standards. Laboratory research is based on cloned lines issuing from various …

The endoplasmic reticulum‐Golgi‐target organelle route is one of the most studied events
and has fascinated researchers for years. However, the conservative mechanism of protein …

Background Autophagy is an essential process in eukaryotic cells in which
autophagosomes form to deliver cellular organelles and long-lived proteins to lysosomes for …

Giardia intestinalis is an enteric pathogen with an extremely modified membrane trafficking
system, lacking canonical compartments such as the Golgi, endosomes, and intermediate …

Several aspects of the eukaryotic cell suggest that the nucleus is of symbiotic origin. The
nucleus forms, via its perinuclear structures, the primary eukaryotic agent known also as the …