Chronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many
open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that affects 7-10 million
individuals worldwide. A common early symptom of PD is olfactory dysfunction (OD), and …

Background Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a type of
retinal disease characterized by the selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Naringenin (NGN) is a widely distributed flavonoid with
potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Neuroprotective agents play a crucial role …

Background We have previously demonstrated that the expression of kruppel-like
transcription factor-4 (KLF-4) is upregulated in astrocytes following acute ischemic stroke …

Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus continuously gives rise to new neurons, namely, adult-
born granule cells, which contribute to conferring plasticity to the mature brain throughout …

The immune-suppressive effects of cannabidiol (CBD) are attributed to the modulation of
essential immunological signaling pathways and receptors. Mechanistic understanding of …

Astrocytes are emerging in the neuroscience field as crucial modulators of brain functions,
from the molecular control of synaptic plasticity to orchestrating brain-wide circuit activity for …

Idebenone is an analogue of coenzyme Q10, an electron donor in the mitochondrial electron
transport chain, and thus may function as an antioxidant to facilitate mitochondrial function …

Background Inhibition of inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α), one of the sensor
signaling proteins associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, has been shown to …