Bacteria and their viruses have coevolved for billions of years. This ancient and still ongoing
arms race has led bacteria to develop a vast antiphage arsenal. The development of high …

Throughout their evolutionary history, bacteria have faced diverse threats from other
microorganisms, including competing bacteria, bacteriophages and predators. In response …

The ancient, ongoing coevolutionary battle between bacteria and their viruses,
bacteriophages, has given rise to sophisticated immune systems including restriction …

The human oral microbiota is highly diverse and has a complex ecology, comprising
bacteria, microeukaryotes, archaea and viruses. These communities have elaborate and …

Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, and genomic
evidence indicates that several of these antiviral systems co-occur in the same strain. Here …

Bacteria carry diverse genetic systems to defend against viral infection, some of which are
found within prophages where they inhibit competing viruses. Phage satellites pose …

Mobile genetic elements are key to the evolution of bacteria and traits that affect host and
ecosystem health. Here, we use a framework of a hierarchical and modular system that …

Bacteria encode sophisticated anti-phage systems that are diverse and versatile and display
high genetic mobility. How this variability and mobility occurs remains largely unknown …

Phage therapy is a medical form of biological control of bacterial infections, one that uses
naturally occurring viruses, called bacteriophages or phages, as antibacterial agents …

Phages and plasmids are regarded as distinct types of mobile genetic elements that drive
bacterial evolution by horizontal gene transfer. However, the distinction between both types …