Background Antibiotics are amongst the most commonly used drugs in children. In addition
to inducing antibiotic resistance, antibiotic exposure has been associated with adverse long …

While neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are highly heritable, several environmental
risk factors have also been suggested. However, the role of familial confounding is unclear …

Objective To investigate the extent to which antibiotic exposure in the first 2 years of life is
associated with the risk of immunological, metabolic, and neurobehavioral health conditions …

Importance Birth by cesarean delivery is increasing globally, particularly cesarean deliveries
without medical indication. Children born via cesarean delivery may have an increased risk …

Advances in metagenomics have allowed a detailed study of the gut microbiome, and its
role in human health and disease. Infants born prematurely possess a fragile gut microbial …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder,
but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of ADHD remain unclear. Gut microbiota …

The latest research cumulates staggering information about the correlation between the
microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review aims to shed light …

Early life exposure to infection, anti-infectives and altered immune activity have been
associated with elevated risk of some psychiatric disorders. However, the risk from exposure …

Background Early-life antibiotic exposure is associated with the development of later obesity
through the disruption of gut microbiota in the animal models. However, the related …

Importance Recent studies suggest that cesarean delivery (CD) is associated with increased
risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, although they were unable to control for …