In this study, we explore a mathematical model of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
(HIV-1) infection in CD4+ T-cells, considering fractional-order dynamics in the Caputo …

We investigate general HIV infection models with three types of infected cells: latently
infected cells, long-lived productively infected cells, and short-lived productively infected …

Kinetic chemical reactions find applications across various fields. In industrial processes,
they drive the production of essential materials like fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. In …

The study aims to develop a new mathematical model in order to explain the dynamics of
viral infections in vivo such as HIV infection. The model includes three classes of cells, takes …

Time delays can affect the dynamics of HIV infection predicted by mathematical models. In
this paper, we studied two mathematical models each with two time delays. In the first model …

In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated to investigate the effect of cytotoxic T
lymphocyte (CTL) immune response on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection …

Recently, a long-term model of HIV infection dynamics was developed to describe the entire
time course of the disease. It consists of a large system of ODEs with many parameters, and …

We propose a generalized virus dynamics model with distributed delays and both modes of
transmission, one by virus‐to‐cell infection and the other by cell‐to‐cell transfer. In the …

This paper studies the global stability of a six-dimensional system of PDEs that describes the
HIV-1 dynamics with humoral immune response and heterogeneous diffusion. The model …

Co-infections between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-
lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) are more common, particularly among injection drug …