Although reproductive strategies can be influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic
factors, life history theory provides a rigorous framework for explaining variation in …

Whether specific immune protection after initial pathogen exposure (immune memory)
occurs in invertebrates has long been uncertain. The absence of antibodies, B-cells and T …

Until 30 years ago, the emphasis on reproductive costs for males was mainly on costs
related to mate searching, courtship and fighting with rival males. However, costs for males …

Hormones are key factors in determining the response of organisms to their environment.
For example, the juvenile hormone (JH) coordinates the insects' development, reproduction …

Insects rely on an innate immune system to effectively respond to pathogenic challenges.
Most studies on the insect immune system describe changes in only one or two immune …

The energetic demands of the immune system and reproduction are often high and can lead
to trade-offs between these 2 life-history traits. In decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus …

Why do males and females often differ in their ability to cope with infection? Beyond
physiological mechanisms, it has recently been proposed that life-history theory could …

The terminal investment hypothesis proposes that decreased expectation of future
reproduction (eg, arising from a threat to survival) should precipitate increased investment in …

Immunity may trade‐off against other important life history traits, with recent work suggesting
that reproduction and parental care in particular impinge on immune defence. However …

The information content of secondary sexual traits and the benefits gathered by choosy
females are at the heart of sexual selection theory. Indicator models of sexual selection …