Synthetic oligonucleotides (ODN) that express unmethylated “CpG motifs” trigger cells that
express Toll-like receptor 9. In humans this includes plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a promising candidate in cancer immunotherapy as it
can encode tumor-associated antigens with an excellent safety profile. Unfortunately, the …

DNA nanotechnology has been extensively explored to assemble various functional
nanostructures for versatile applications. Mediated by Watson–Crick base-pairing, these …

The problem with pure recombinant or synthetic antigens used in modern day vaccines is
that they are generally far less immunogenic than older style live or killed whole organism …

Introduction Vaccination remains very effective in stimulating protective immune responses
against infections. An important task in antibody and vaccine preparation is to choose an …

Macroscale biomaterials, such as preformed implantable scaffolds and injectable soft
materials, possess powerful synergies with anti-cancer immunotherapies. Immunotherapies …

The development of new adjuvants for human vaccines has become an expanding field of
research in the last thirty years, for generating stronger vaccines capable of inducing …

Innate sensors play a critical role in the early innate immune responses to invading
pathogens through sensing of diverse biochemical signatures also known as pathogen …

DNA vaccines were introduced less than a decade ago but have already been applied to a
wide range of infectious and malignant diseases. Here we review the current understanding …