The COVID-19 pandemic now totaling 13,000,000 cases and over 571,000 deaths has
continued to teach the medical, scientific and lay communities about viral infectious disease …

Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100
years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a
pandemic and continues to spread around the globe at an unprecedented rate. To date, no …

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) encompass a group of glycoproteins composed of
unbranched negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) chains covalently attached to a core …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a viral illness caused by the severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), 1 has produced at the time of this …

Cathepsins encompass a family of lysosomal proteases that mediate protein degradation
and turnover. Although mainly localized in the endolysosomal compartment, cathepsins are …

Heparin (HP) and heparan sulfate (HS) are linear, anionically charged polysaccharides well-
known for their diverse biological activities. While HP is generally localized in mast cells and …

Both heparanase and syndecan-1 are known to be present and active in disease
pathobiology. An important feature of syndecan-1 related to its role in pathologies is that it …

Mammalian glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), except hyaluronan (HA), are sulfated
polysaccharides that are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs) …

Unfractionated heparin has multiple pharmacological activities beyond anticoagulation.
These anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and mucoactive activities are shared in part by low …