Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

Nature has a wide range of biological protection strategies that show resilience to impact
loading. These strategies also serve a certain amount of flexibility that contribute to body …

Eight structural elements in biological materials are identified as the most common amongst
a variety of animal taxa. These are proposed as a new paradigm in the field of biological …

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a current technology undergoing rapid development that is
utilized in a wide variety of applications. In the field of biological and bioinspired materials …

Collagen is the principal biopolymer in the extracellular matrix of both vertebrates and
invertebrates. It is produced in specialized cells (fibroblasts) and extracted into the body by a …

Natural protection offered to living beings is the result of millions of years of biological
revolution. The protections provided in fishes, armadillos, and turtles by unique hierarchal …

Recent developments in supramolecular chemistry have generated increasing interest in
supramolecular polymers and opened a window for the exploitation of various …

Nature provides many biological materials and structures with exceptional energy
absorption capabilities. Few, relatively simple molecular building blocks (eg, calcium …

Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one
or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design …

The scales of the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), one of the largest freshwater fish in the world,
can serve as inspiration for the design of flexible dermal armor. Each scale is composed of …