The Earth as a planetary system has experienced significant change since its formation c.
4.54 Gyr ago. Some of these changes have been gradual, such as secular cooling of the …

The nature of the early martian climate is one of the major unanswered questions of
planetary science. Key challenges remain, but a new wave of orbital and in situ observations …

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the outermost of the rocky, terrestrial planets that
make up the inner solar system. Of this planetary family, Mars is only larger than Mercury …

This work reviews factors which are important for the evolution of habitable Earth-like
planets such as the effects of the host star dependent radiation and particle fluxes on the …

Abstract The Interior exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport
(InSight) Mission will focus on Mars' interior structure and evolution. The basic structure of …

Mars currently has no global magnetic field of internal origin but must have had one in the
past, when the crust acquired intense magnetization, presumably by cooling in the presence …

▪ Abstract The bulk of the∼ 50-km-thick Martian crust formed at∼ 4.5 Gyr BP, perhaps from a
magma ocean. This crust is probably a basaltic andesite or andesite and is enriched in …

We report the first radar soundings of the ionosphere of Mars with the MARSIS (Mars
Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding) instrument on board the orbiting …

The phylogenetic relationships among most metazoan phyla remain uncertain. We obtained
large numbers of gene sequences from metazoans, including key understudied taxa …

A potential function using spherical harmonics up to degree and order 90 was derived from
a selection of Mars Global Surveyor vector data. These included all three components of …