Membrane fusion is an essential step when enveloped viruses enter cells. Lipid bilayer
fusion requires catalysis to overcome a high kinetic barrier; viral fusion proteins are the …

Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the highly pathogenic viral diseases of avian species. ND
is economically significant because of the huge mortality and morbidity associated with it …

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last
decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been …

The fusion of viral membranes with target-cell membranes is an essential step in the entry of
enveloped viruses into cells, and recent X-ray structures of paramyxoviral envelope proteins …

Common themes are emerging from the study of viral, cell-cell, intracellular, and liposome
fusion. Viral and cellular membrane fusion events are mediated by fusion proteins or fusion …

The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) plays a
crucial role in the process of infection. However, the exact contribution of the HN gene to …

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) produces three envelope glycoproteins, the attachment
glycoprotein (G), the fusion (F) protein, and the small hydrophobic (SH) protein. It had been …

Canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV) cause severe illnesses in their
respective hosts. The viruses display a characteristic cytopathic effect by forming syncytia in …

Paramyxoviruses initiate infection by attaching to cell surface receptors and fusing viral and
cell membranes. Viral attachment proteins, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) …

Highlights•Most paramyxoviruses require attachment and fusion (F) proteins for cell
entry.•Competing 'clamp'and 'provocateur'models have been proposed as entry …