Condensation is the pivotal stage in the development of skeletal and other mesenchymal
tissues. It occurs when a previously dispersed population of cells gathers together to …

Background Articular cartilage defects are a veritable therapeutic problem because
therapeutic options are very scarce. Due to the poor self-regeneration capacity of cartilage …

Wnts are secreted signaling molecules that can transduce their signals through several
different pathways. Wnt-5a is considered a noncanonical Wnt as it does not signal by …

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of human arthritis. We investigated the potential role
of asporin, an extracellular matrix component expressed abundantly in the articular cartilage …

The adipose hormone leptin and its receptor are important for regulation of food intake and
energy metabolism. Leptin also is involved in the growth of different tissues. In this study, we …

The biological effects of type I serine/threonine kinase receptors and Smad proteins were
examined using an adenovirus-based vector system. Constitutively active forms of bone …

Bone is a metabolically active and highly organized tissue consisting of a mineral phase of
hydroxyapatite and amorphous calcium phosphate crystals deposited in an organic matrix …

Chondrocytes are the exclusive cells residing in cartilage and maintain the functionality of
cartilage tissue. Series of biocomponents such as different growth factors, cytokines, and …

The ability of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to promote chondrogenesis has been
investigated extensively over the past two decades. Although BMPs promote almost every …

The ATDC5 cell line is derived from mouse teratocarcinoma cells and characterized as a
chondrogenic cell line which goes through a sequential process analogy to chondrocyte …