This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Emotional learning is necessary for individuals to survive and prosper. Once acquired,
however, emotional associations are not always expressed. Indeed, the regulation of …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …

Psychotherapy that regularly yields liberating, lasting change was, in the last century, a
futuristic vision, but it has now become reality, thanks to a convergence of remarkable …

Consolidated memories can re-enter states of transient instability following reactivation, from
which they must again stabilize in order to persist, contradicting the previously dominant …

Animal studies have shown that fear memories can change when recalled, a process
referred to as reconsolidation. We found that oral administration of the β-adrenergic receptor …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Memory reconsolidation has been argued to be a distinct process that serves to maintain,
strengthen or modify memories. Specifically, the retrieval of a previously consolidated …

The retrieval of a memory places it into a plastic state, the result of which is that the memory
can be disrupted or even enhanced by experimental treatment. This phenomenon has been …

Fear extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that allows for the adaptive control of
conditioned fear responses. Although fear extinction is an active learning process that …