Mitochondria are a main source of cellular energy. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is
the major process of aerobic respiration. Enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain …

Molecular oxygen (O2) sustains intracellular bioenergetics and is consumed by numerous
biochemical reactions, making it essential for most species on Earth. Accordingly, decreased …

The vagus nerve is an indispensable body-brain connection that controls vital aspects of
autonomic physiology like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and gut motility, reflexes …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or
several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can …

The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor for arterial respiratory gases O2
and CO2 and pH, eliciting reflex ventilatory, cardiovascular, and humoral responses to …

Significance: Oxygen is indispensable for aerobic life, but its utilization exposes cells and
tissues to oxidative stress; thus, tight regulation of cellular, tissue, and systemic oxygen …

Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a
widespread disorder of breathing. This Review focuses on the role of hypoxia-inducible …

Tumors driven by deficiency of the VHL gene product, which is involved in degradation of
the hypoxia-inducible factor subunit 2 alpha (HIF2α), are natural candidates for targeted …

The fish gill is a multifunctional organ involved in numerous physiological processes, such
as gas exchange and sensing of hypoxia by respiratory chemoreceptors, called …

Classically considered a by-product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now viewed as a
fundamental fuel for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, and preferred over glucose …