Due to the limited availability of freshwater supplies, desalination has become an
increasingly reliable process for water supply worldwide, with proved technical and …

Globally, reverse osmosis desalination systems are widely utilized as they have the
cheapest freshwater production cost. On the contrary, reverse osmosis systems have high …

Brine, also known as concentrate, is the by-product of the desalination process that has an
adverse impact on the environment due to its high salinity. Hence, viable and cost-effective …

Energy-efficient desalination and water treatment technologies play a critical role in
augmenting freshwater resources without placing an excessive strain on limited energy …

Abstract High molecular weight (106–3× 107 Da) polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used
as a flocculant in water and wastewater treatment, as a soil conditioner, and as a viscosity …

Water resources are becoming scarce meaning that reuse options are receiving more and
more attention. In this perspective, zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) is considered as an …

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) a wastewater management strategy that eliminates liquid
waste and maximizes water usage efficiency has attracted renewed interest worldwide in …

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging thermal-based membrane technology that has
the capacity to treat a wide range of feed waters, including high salinity brines and …

Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising separation technology that can help reducing the
worldwide water-energy stress in a sustainable way. MD uses low-grade thermal energy to …

The limited clean water resource has urged the need to extract fresh water from non-
conventional sources. Produced water (PW) is a potential source of fresh water, particularly …