Obesity reaches up to epidemic proportions globally and increases the risk for a wide
spectrum of co-morbidities, including type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension …

Protein therapeutics have gained momentum in recent years and become a pillar in treating
many diseases and the only choice in several ailments. Protein therapeutics are highly …

SARS-Cov-2 infection causes local and systemic inflammation mediated by pro-
inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 eicosanoid products with metabolic dysfunction and …

Abstract Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) has been approved by the FDA to promote
bone regeneration, but uncertain osteogenic effect and dose-dependent side effects may …

A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the presence of a dense,
desmoplastic stroma and the consequent altered interactions between cancer cells and their …

Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving field that has been driving innovations in
manipulating immune system for new treatment tools and methods. The need for materials …

Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of immune and inflammatory cells and their
proteins (cytokines)[interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6] causing acute respiratory distress syndrome …

Abstract Background Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines and their receptors have important
roles in innate and partly in adaptive immunity. The family consists of 11 members of which …

The skeletal system is essential for preserving body structure and facilitating mobility;
however, bone diseases frequently result in significant disabilities, necessitating the …

Although polyethylene glycol (PEG), or “PEGylation” has become a widely applied approach
for improving the efficiency of drug delivery, the immunogenicity and non-biodegradability of …