Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous disease affecting one out of five
individuals and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Presently, MDD is considered a …

The habenula (Hb) is an evolutionary well-conserved structure located in the epithalamus.
The Hb receives inputs from the septum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate …

Background: Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with a high heritability.
Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors may be involved …

One of the core symptoms of major depressive disorder is anhedonia, an inability to
experience pleasure. In patients with major depressive disorder, a dysfunctional reward …

Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent
classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute …

The term extrapyramidal disorders is most often used for conditions such as Parkinson's
disease or Huntington's disease, but also refers to a group of extrapyramidal side effects of …

Simple Summary This article proposes a new model for exploring happiness primarily from a
neurobiological perspective. Such understanding includes the dynamics of positive mood …

For many years, researchers, veterinarians, animal ethics committees, and regulators have
focused on minimizing pain and distress as a primary goal of refinement when working with …

Background: Metabolic syndrome is widespread in patients with schizophrenia receiving
long-term antipsychotic therapy. Dopamine D2 receptors play an important role in mediating …

Introduction: The multiplicity and complexity of the neuronal connections in the central
nervous system make it difficult to disentangle circuits that play an essential role in the …