Genetic background accounts for only 5 to 10% of the reported cases of Parkinson's disease
(PD), while the remaining cases are of unknown etiology. It is believed that environmental …

Dopamine has effects on the mammalian heart. These effects can include an increase in the
force of contraction, and an elevation of the beating rate and the constriction of coronary …

Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are essential for the selection and reinforcement of
motor actions and decision-making. In vitro studies have revealed an intrastriatal circuit in …

Abstract In 1874, Karl Kahlbaum described catatonia as an independent syndrome
characterized by motor, affective, and behavioral anomalies. In the following years, various …

Background: The efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS)‐primarily of the subthalamic
nucleus (STN)‐for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) is commonly attributed to the …

The central adenosine system and adenosine receptors play a fundamental role in the
modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. This is mostly achieved by the strategic co …

The effect of lorazepam in the treatment of catatonia is outstanding and almost immediate.
Clinicians are familiar with its effects: mute patients can speak again, akinetic patients can …

Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter modulating essential functions of the central
nervous system (CNS), like voluntary movement, reward, several cognitive functions and …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Recently,
neuroinflammation driven by CD4+ T cells has been involved in PD pathophysiology …

Today, the basal ganglia (BG) network can be viewed as a three-layer neural network in
which the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the two BG input structures and …