Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Adverse variations of abiotic environmental cues that deviate from an optimal range impose
stresses to plants. Abiotic stresses severely impede plant physiology and development …

Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

To counter pathogen invasion, plants have evolved a large number of immune receptors,
including membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an essential macronutrient as well as a second messenger in
diverse biological processes in plants. Plants perceive various stimuli which leads to …

Abstract The calcium (Ca+ 2) molecules being an important intracellular messenger are
involved in various signal transduction mechanisms in plants. Many external stimuli such as …

Abstract Calcium ion (Ca 2+) is a versatile signaling transducer in all eukaryotic organisms.
In plants, intracellular changes in free Ca 2+ levels act as regulators in many growth and …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) and manganese (Mn2+) are essential elements for plants and have
similar ionic radii and binding coordination. They are assigned specific functions within …

Plant mineral nutrition is essential for both crop yields and human health. However, the
uneven distribution of mineral elements over time and space leads to a lack or excess of …

Plant cells are in constant communication to coordinate development processes and
environmental reactions. Under stressful conditions, such communication allows the plant …