The goal of sex and gender analysis is to promote rigorous, reproducible and responsible
science. Incorporating sex and gender analysis into experimental design has enabled …

In humans, the combination of all sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences
of biologic sex produces different in vivo environments for male and female cells. We dissect …

INTRODUCTION Many complex human phenotypes, including diseases, exhibit sex-
differentiated characteristics. These sex differences have been variously attributed to …

Importance If we assume that women and men exhibit variations of the same fundamental
vascular physiology, then conventional analyses of subclinical measures would suggest that …

It is well known that cardiovascular disease manifests differently in women and men. The
underlying causes of these differences during the aging lifespan are less well understood …

Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of
autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that …

Sexually dimorphic traits are common among mammals and are specified during
development through the deployment of sex-specific genetic programs. Because little is …

Despite their known importance in clinical medicine, differences based on sex and gender
are among the least studied factors affecting cancer susceptibility, progression, survival, and …

Sex differences in cellular and systems biology have been evolutionarily selected to
optimize reproductive success in all species with little (sperm) and big (ova) gamete …

This paper develops the conceptual framework of" sex contextualism" for the study of sex-
related variables in biomedical research. Sex contextualism offers an alternative to binary …