Stress and anxiety have intertwined behavioral and neural underpinnings. These
commonalities are critical for understanding each state, as well as their mutual interactions …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically,
addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom …

Although the function of dopamine in subcortical structures is largely limited to reward and
movement, dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critical to a …

Differences in the prevalence and presentation of psychiatric illnesses in men and women
suggest that neurobiological sex differences confer vulnerability or resilience in these …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in adaptive control of behavior and optimizing action
selection. When an organism is experiencing an aversive event, such as a sustained state of …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) promote social brain functions
by releasing DA onto nucleus accumbens neurons, but it remains unclear how VTA neurons …

The recollection of environmental cues associated with threat or reward allows animals to
select the most appropriate behavioral responses. Neurons in the prelimbic (PL) cortex …

Actions executed toward obtaining a reward are frequently associated with the probability of
harm occurring during action execution. Learning this probability allows for appropriate …

Advances in the study of brain networks can be applied to our understanding of anxiety
disorders (eg, generalized anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress …