In 1989, a curious phenomenon was described: HIV-specific T-cell responses to the viral
envelope and core proteins could be detected in antibody-positive and antigen-negative …

In the last 10 years HIV-1/human T-cell leukemia virus (HIV-1/HTLV) coinfection has
emerged as a worldwide health problem. The numbers of HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfections in …

Retroviral coinfections with HIV-1 and HTLV-1 or with HIV-1 and HTLV-2 occur with variable
frequencies throughout the world with the highest prevalence in large metropolitan areas in …

Despite the varying disease progression rates, the majority of HIV-infected individuals
eventually progress to AIDS. There is a subset of HIV-positive individuals, who maintain high …

The human retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/HTLV-2 share similar routes of transmission but
cause significantly different diseases. In this review we have outlined the immune mediated …

As members of the chemokine family, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α)
and MIP-1β are unique in that they both consist of non-allelic isoforms encoded by different …

Objective: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in the
posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression that play important roles in viral infections …

Background. A high copy number of CCL3L1, the most potent human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-suppressive chemokine, associates with reduced HIV susceptibility. Whether …

Variations of gene copy number in the human genome are increasingly recognized as a
genetic factor in phenotypic variation. Human CC chemokine ligand 3-like 1 gene (CCL3L1) …

HIV-1 disrupts the homeostatic equilibrium between the host and coinfecting microbes,
facilitating reactivation of persistent viruses and invasion by new viruses. These viruses …