The human gut microbiome (GM) is a complex ecosystem that includes numerous
prokaryotic and eukaryotic inhabitants. The composition of GM can influence an array of host …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease that imposes a
heavy economic burden on patients and society. Bone and cartilage destruction is …

The extracellular protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is a well-known and important
causative agent of diarrhea on a global scale. Macrophage pyroptosis has been recognized …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs)(exossomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies) have been
well acknowledged as mediators of intercellular communications in prokaryotes and …

Several preclinical and clinical studies have attempted to elucidate the pathophysiological
mechanism associated with spinal cord injury. However, investigations have been unable to …

Pancreatic cancer (PC)-derived EVs have been extensively investigated due to their
promising potential as disease biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment …

Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive, protozoan parasite infecting the upper small intestine
of most mammals. Symptomatic infections cause the diarrhoeal disease giardiasis in …

Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis, is an important
opportunistic, pathogenic, zoonotic, protozoan parasite that infects the small intestines of …

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato has complex defence mechanisms that protect it from
the anti-parasitic immune response for long periods. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid …

The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis inhabits the upper small intestine of mammals,
including humans, and causes a disease known as giardiasis, which can lead to diarrhea …