The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasive stimulation of the
human brain. Stimulation is produced by generating a brief, high-intensity magnetic field by …

The ability to induce cortical plasticity with non‐invasive brain stimulation (NBS) techniques
has provided novel and exciting opportunities for examining the role of the human cortex …

A current issue in the research of augmentation of brain functions using transcranial
electrical stimulation (tES) is the diversity and inconsistency in outcome results. Similar …

During the last two decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly become a
valuable method to investigate noninvasively the human brain. In addition, repetitive TMS …

Neuronal plasticity allows the central nervous system to learn skills and remember
information, to reorganize neuronal networks in response to environmental stimulation, and …

Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and
neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are …

The pathophysiology of dystonia has been best studied in patients with focal hand dystonia.
A loss of inhibitory function has been demonstrated at spinal, brainstem and cortical levels …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

Paired associative stimulation (PAS) can increase motor cortical excitability, possibly by long-
term potentiation (LTP)-like mechanisms. As the capability of the cortex for plasticity …