Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays an important role in a wide
range of biologic activities in different types of cell including tumor cells. IL-6 is involved in …

Cancer arises in the context of an in vivo tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment is
both a cause and consequence of tumorigenesis. Tumor and host cells co-evolve …

Antiangiogenic drugs targeting the VEGF pathway have slowed metastatic disease
progression in some patients, leading to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival …

Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has failed to improve survival in
patients with breast cancer (BC). Potential mechanisms of resistance to anti-VEGF therapy …

Microglia, which contribute substantially to the tumor mass of glioblastoma, have been
shown to play an important role in glioma growth and invasion. While a large number of …

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a proximal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor
and a central mediator of the unfolded protein response. In a human glioma model …

Background Gliomas exhibit high glycolytic rates, and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)
play a major role in the maintenance of the glycolytic metabolism through the proton-linked …

Among the in vivo models, the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been
used to implant several tumor types as well as malignant cell lines to study their growth rate …

A major contributing factor to glioma development and progression is its ability to evade the
immune system. Nano-meter sized vesicles, exosomes, secreted by glioma-stem cells …

Despite considerable amount of research, the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) critically needs new drug development to improve clinical …