Biofertilizer is a substance containing live microorganisms which exhibit beneficial
properties toward plant growth and development. Various mechanisms are used by …

Degraded lands are defined by soils that have lost primary productivity due to abiotic or
biotic stresses. Among the abiotic stresses, drought, salinity, and heavy metals are the main …

Abstract Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2)-fixing legume trees are frequently used for the
restoration of depleted, degraded, and contaminated soils. However, biological N 2 fixation …

Actinorhizal symbiosis naturally harbours beneficial categories of diverse plant growth
promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), including the Frankia species. The beneficial …

Soil salinization has become a major environmental and socioeconomic issue. Excessive
accumulation of salts usually goes beyond the tolerance of most plants, except for …

Actinorhizal plants host mutualistic symbionts of the nitrogen-fixing actinobacterial genus
Frankia within nodule structures formed on their roots. Several plant-growth-promoting …

Exotic trees were introduced in Africa to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems. Introduced
species included several Australian species belonging to the Casuarinaceae family …

Environmental stresses are caused by human activities or natural events. Several of them
including salinity, heavy metals, and extreme temperature affect both soil characteristics and …

The model actinorhizal plant Casuarina glauca is characterized by its capacity to establish
nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with Frankia bacteria and by its resilience to thrive …

Casuarina equisetifolia is an important tree of the forest, cultivated in tropical and subtropical
regions, providing fuelwood, land reclamation, dune stabilization, paper production, and …