More than a million insects and approximately 11,000 vertebrates utilize flapping wings to
fly. However, flapping flight has only been studied in a few of these species, so many …

The tracking of small avian migrants has only recently become possible by the use of small
light-level geolocators, allowing the reconstruction of whole migration routes, as well as …

Bird flight is a remarkable adaptation that has allowed the approximately 10 000 extant
species to colonize all terrestrial habitats on earth including high elevations, polar regions …

There are many challenges to measuring power input and force output from a flapping
vertebrate. Animals can vary a multitude of kinematic parameters simultaneously, and …

Animal flight is a fruitful area of study for biologists because the abundance of extant and
extinct forms radiating from a small handful of unrelated ancestral states provides such a rich …

Flight is one of the energetically most costly activities in the animal kingdom, suggesting that
natural selection should work to optimize flight performance. The similar size and flight …

Bats exhibit a remarkable ability to create periodic air jets, manifested as pulsating wake
structures downstream of their flight path, as they navigate through their fluidic environment …

Many small passerines regularly fly slowly when catching prey, flying in cluttered
environments or landing on a perch or nest. While flying slowly, passerines generate most of …

All animals flap their wings in powered flight to provide both lift and thrust, yet few human-
engineered designs do so. When combined with flexible wing surfaces, the resulting …

A considerable proportion of the world's bird species undertake seasonal long-distance
migrations. These journeys are energetically demanding. Two major behavioural means to …