Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and …

Objective.—This article defines stress and related concepts and reviews their historical
development. The notion of a stress system as the effector of the stress syndrome is …

The effects of adrenal corticosteroids on subsequent adrenocorticotropin secretion are
complex. Acutely (within hours), glucocorticoids (GCs) directly inhibit further activity in the …

From amnesia, intrusive memories, and depersonalization, to auditory hallucinations, trance-
like states, and disturbances in identity, the symptoms of pathological dissociation are …

Environmental events, both physical and emotional, can produce stress reactions to widely
varying degrees. Stress can affect many aspects of physiology, and levels of stress …

Systemic or interoceptive stressors, 28 in the context of the four chronic gastrointestinal
disorders listed above, can occur in the form of mucosal inflammation (IBD, PUD) or tissue …

Following the assumption that stressors play an important part in the etiology and
maintenance of psychiatric disorders, it is necessary to evaluate parameters reflecting stress …

Life exists by maintaining a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, that is constantly
challenged by intrinsic or extrinsic adverse forces or stressors.'Stress, a term borrowed from …

To study the effects of physical conditioning on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, we
examined the plasma ACTH, cortisol, and lactate responses in sedentary subjects …

Stress activates a complex network of hormones known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–
adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is dysregulated in chronic stress and psychiatric …