In the early 1950s, Austin and Chang independently described the changes that are
required for the sperm to fertilize oocytes in vivo. These changes were originally grouped …

BACKGROUND Spermatozoa acquire their fertilizing ability and forward motility properties
during epididymal transit. Our knowledge of gamete physiology is based on studies …

Mitochondrial export into the extracellular space is emerging as a fundamental cellular
process implicated in diverse physiological activities. Although a few studies have shed light …

Spermatozoa are highly specialized cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which provides
the energy for supporting the key functions of the spermatozoa, is formed by 2 metabolic …

Research over the past decade has extended the prevailing view of the mitochondrion to
include functions well beyond the generation of cellular energy. It is now recognized that …

Reversible phosphorylation of proteins regulates the majority of all cellular processes, eg
proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A fundamental understanding of these biological …

Tyrosine kinases play a prominent role in human cancer, yet the oncogenic signaling
pathways driving cell proliferation and survival have been difficult to identify, in part because …

Determining the site of a regulatory phosphorylation event is often essential for elucidating
specific kinase–substrate relationships, providing a handle for understanding essential …

Testicular spermatozoa acquire fertility only after 1 or 2 weeks of transit through the
epididymis. At the end of this several meters long epididymal tubule, the male gamete is …

The genetic bases and molecular mechanisms involved in the assembly and function of the
flagellum components as well as in the regulation of the flagellar movement are not fully …