We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic‐
enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the …

Ice flow models of the Antarctic ice sheet are commonly used to simulate its future evolution
in response to different climate scenarios and inform on the mass loss that would contribute …

A potentially irreversible threshold in Antarctic ice shelf melting would be crossed if the
ocean cavity beneath the large Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf were to become flooded with warm …

Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier in the Amundsen Sea Embayment are among the
fastest changing outlet glaciers in West Antarctica with large consequences for global sea …

Abstract Pine Island Glacier (PIG), a part of the West Antarctic marine ice sheet, has recently
undergone substantial changes including speed up, retreat and thinning. Theoretical …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated
stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an …

The most rapid loss of ice from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is observed where ice streams flow
into the ocean and begin to float, forming the great Antarctic ice shelves that surround much …

Two decades into the 21st century there is growing evidence for global impacts of Antarctic
and Southern Ocean climate change. Reliable estimates of how the Antarctic climate system …

Ocean-induced melting below ice shelves is one of the dominant drivers for mass loss from
the Antarctic Ice Sheet at present. An appropriate representation of sub-shelf melt rates is …