Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Nucleus accumbens dopamine is known to play a role in motivational processes, and
dysfunctions of mesolimbic dopamine may contribute to motivational symptoms of …

Hippocampal place cells take part in sequenced patterns of reactivation after behavioral
experience, known as replay. Since replay was first reported, nearly 20 years ago, many …

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are proposed to signal reward prediction error (RPE), a
fundamental parameter in associative learning models. This RPE hypothesis provides a …

Recent work has advanced our knowledge of phasic dopamine reward prediction error
signals. The error signal is bidirectional, reflects well the higher order prediction error …

Cognitive control is subjectively costly, suggesting that engagement is modulated in
relationship to incentive state. Dopamine appears to play key roles. In particular, dopamine …

Reinforcement learning is an adaptive process in which an animal utilizes its previous
experience to improve the outcomes of future choices. Computational theories of …

Besides their fundamental movement function evidenced by Parkinsonian deficits, the basal
ganglia are involved in processing closely linked non-motor, cognitive and reward …

The striatum is critical for reward-guided and habitual behavior. Anatomical and interference
studies suggest a functional heterogeneity within striatum. Medial regions, such as nucleus …

Disappointment entails the recognition that one did not get the value expected. In contrast,
regret entails recognition that an alternative (counterfactual) action would have produced a …