The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis represents a complex neuroendocrine
feedback loop controlling the secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Central to its …

Estrogen (E 2) has many effects in the central nervous system, including effects on anxiety
and depression behavior. This review will address effects of E 2 on behaviors related to …

The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been
validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

Decline of estrogen level is associated with an increase in mood disturbances such as
depression and anxiety. Our previous study showed that increased levels of inflammatory …

Gonadal hormones modulate fear acquisition, but less is known about the influence of
gonadal hormones on fear extinction. We assessed sex differences and the influence of …

Recent rodent studies suggest that gonadal hormones influence extinction of conditioned
fear. Here we investigated sex differences in, and the influence of estradiol and …

In this article, we examine evidence supporting the role of reproductive steroids in the
regulation of mood and behavior in women and the nature of that role. In the first half of the …

Increasingly natural products particularly flavonoids are being explored for their therapeutic
potentials in reducing bone loss and maintaining bone health. This study has reviewed …

The discovery of a second estrogen receptor (ER), designated ERβ (NR3A2), has redefined
our knowledge about the mechanisms underlying cellular signaling by estrogens and has …