The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is the major endocrine stress axis of the
human organism. Cortisol, the final hormone of this axis, affects metabolic, cardiovascular …

Stressful events activate the amygdala and a network of associated brain regions. Studies in
both humans and rodents indicate that noradrenaline has a prominent role in this activation …

Stress response is essential for the organism to quickly restore physiological homeostasis
disturbed by various environmental insults. In addition to well-established physiological …

Whether glucocorticoids mediate medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regulation of the
amygdala in humans remains unclear. In the current study we investigated whether cortisol …

Major depressive disorder topped ischemic heart disease as the number one cause of
disability worldwide in 2012, and women have twice the risk of men. Further, the comorbidity …

Stress exposure is known to precipitate psychological disorders. However, large differences
exist in how individuals respond to stressful situations. A major marker for stress sensitivity is …

Decades of clinical and basic research indicate significant links between altered
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis hormone dynamics and major depressive …

Although stress simultaneously affects and causes changes in central nervous system
systems together with the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus–pituitary …

Men and women differ in their vulnerability to a variety of stress-related illnesses, but the
underlying neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. This is likely due to a …

Although limbic structure changes have been found in chronic and recent onset post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, there are few studies about brain structure …