One of the major technical hurdles impeding the advance of plant genetic engineering and
biotechnology is the fact that the expression or manipulation of multiple genes in plants is …

As science progresses in its understanding of diseases and their treatment, advances have
been made in the biotechnology used in disease therapy. Most gene therapy approaches …

Cells have evolved exquisite mechanisms to fine-tune the rate of protein synthesis in
response to stress. Systemic mapping of start-codon positions and precise measurement of …

Viruses exploit the translation machinery of an infected cell to synthesize their proteins.
Therefore, viral mRNAs have to compete for ribosomes and translation factors with cellular …

The genus Enterovirus combines a portion of small (+) ssRNA-containing viruses and is
divided into 10 species of true enteroviruses and three species of rhinoviruses. These …

The great variety of genome organizations means that most plant positive strand viral RNAs
differ from the standard 5′-cap/3′-poly (A) structure of eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap and …

Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the host cell's translational machinery.
Canonical translation of host mRNAs depends on structural elements such as the 5′ cap …

Recombinant protein production in microbial hosts and animal cell cultures has
revolutionized the pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme industries. Plants as alternative …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) translation consists of initiation, elongation, termination, and
ribosome recycling, carried out by the translation machinery, primarily including tRNAs …

All replication-competent retroviruses contain three main reading frames, gag, pol and env,
which are used for the synthesis of structural proteins, enzymes and envelope proteins …