In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of B cells, I take a look back at the
history of T cell help to B cells, which was discovered 47 years ago. In addition, I summarize …

Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mRNA
vaccination induce robust CD4+ T cell responses. Using single-cell transcriptomics, here …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

Persistent infection by EBV is explained by the germinal center model (GCM) which provides
a satisfying and currently the only explanation for EBVs disparate biology. Since the GCM …

Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) compose a heterogeneous subset of CD4+ T cells that
induce the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and memory cells. They are found …

The nature of follicular helper CD4+ T (Tfh) cell differentiation remains controversial,
including the minimal signals required for Tfh cell differentiation and the time at which Tfh …

Effective B cell–mediated immunity and antibody responses often require help from CD4+ T
cells. It is thought that a distinct CD4+ effector T cell subset, called T follicular helper cells …

The generation of high-affinity antibodies (Abs) plays a critical role in the neutralization and
clearance of pathogens and subsequent host survival after natural infection with a variety of …

Allergic disease represents a significant global health burden, and disease incidence
continues to rise in urban areas of the world. As such, a better understanding of the basic …