Brain function critically depends on a close matching between metabolic demands,
appropriate delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and removal of cellular waste. This matching …

The mammalian brain depends upon glucose as its main source of energy, and tight
regulation of glucose metabolism is critical for brain physiology. Consistent with its critical …

Neurovascular coupling reflects the close temporal and regional linkage between neural
activity and cerebral blood flow. Although providing mechanistic insight, our understanding …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a unique view of the working
human mind. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, detected in fMRI, reflects …

Traumatic cerebral vascular injury (TCVI) is a very frequent, if not universal, feature after
traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is likely responsible, at least in part, for functional deficits and …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays critical roles in the maintenance of central nervous
system (CNS) homeostasis. Dysfunction of the BBB occurs in a number of CNS diseases …

Astrocytic network alterations have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the
underlying pathways have remained undefined. Here we measure astrocytic calcium …

Pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is commonly seen in neurological
diseases. The typical features of NVU pathophysiology include tissue hypoxia, inflammatory …

While prevailing evidence supports that the amyloid cascade hypothesis is a key component
of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, many recent studies indicate that the vascular …

Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is generated by constitutively active endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS), an essential enzyme responsible for cardiovascular homeostasis …