Plants and herbivores are remarkably variable in space and time, and variability has been
considered a defining feature of their interactions. Empirical research, however, has …

A vast body of research demonstrates that many ecological and evolutionary processes can
only be understood from a tri‐trophic viewpoint, that is, one that moves beyond the pairwise …

Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing
combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing …

Environmental clines in organismal defensive traits are usually attributed to stronger
selection by enemies at lower latitudes or near the host's range center. Nonetheless, little …

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental
Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal …

A central tenet of plant defense theory is that adaptation to the abiotic environment sets the
template for defense strategies, imposing a trade-off between plant growth and defense. Yet …

Predicting how ecological interactions will respond to global change is a major challenge.
Plants and their associated insect herbivores compose much of macroscopic diversity, yet …

Despite long-standing interest in local adaptation of plants to their biotic and abiotic
environment, existing theory, and many case studies, little work to date has addressed within …

When environmental variation is spatially continuous, dispersing individuals move among
nearby sites with similar habitat conditions. But as an environmental gradient becomes …

Non‐native plants are typically released from specialist enemies but continue to be attacked
by generalists, albeit at lower intensities. This reduced herbivory may lead to less investment …