This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI
is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International …

The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic
activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the …

Abstract On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai submarine volcano erupted
violently and triggered a giant atmospheric shock wave and tsunami. The exact mechanism …

Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various
biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain …

Earth's magnetic field is generated by fluid motions in the outer core. This geodynamo has
operated for over 3.4 billion years. However, the mechanism that has sustained the …

The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

To elucidate the characteristics of electromagnetic conjugacy of traveling ionospheric
disturbances just after the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption …

The potential weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in
response to anthropogenic forcing, suggested by climate models, is at the forefront of …

This work deals with a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study
earthquake-related processes that occur during the preparation phase of a large …

The first ground-level enhancement of the current Solar Cycle 25 occurred on 28 October
2021. It was observed by several space-borne and ground-based instruments, specifically …