Reported human cases of West Nile virus (WNV) in Europe increased dramatically in 2018.
Lineage 1 strains had been circulating in Euro-Mediterranean countries since the early …

West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally distributed arthropod-borne flavivirus capable of infecting
a wide variety of vertebrates, with birds as its natural reservoir. Although it had been …

We studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of West Nile virus (WNV) in
five raptor species from July 2002 to March 2004, including American kestrels (Falco …

After 35 yr of disease absence, West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV)
circulation has been regularly detected in the Camargue region (southern France) since …

Abstract Hippoboscid flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), commonly known as keds or louse
flies, have been for long time overlooked by the scientific community, and their vector role of …

Background: Birds and mammals share various ectoparasites, which are responsible for the
transmission of a wide range of pathogens. The louse flies (family Hippoboscidae) are …

West Nile virus (WNV) was detected by Taqman reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction in 4 of 85 (4.7%) blood-engorged (n= 2) and unengorged (n= 2) Icosta americana …

Usutu virus (USUV) is an arbovirus within the genus flavivirus, which was first introduced to
Southern Europe approximately twenty years ago causing epizootics among wild and …

Generally, immune system architecture varies with different environments, which
presumably reflect different pathogen pressures. Specifically, populations from relatively …

Blood-feeding arthropods play a major role in the transmission of several flaviviruses, which
represent an important problem for human health. Currently, dengue is one of the most …